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The challenges of translation

Abstract There are some problems especially in the translation process: the problems of ambiguity, the problems in structural and lexical differences between languages and units of several words, such as idioms and expressions. Another problem would grammar, because there are several constructions of grammar misunderstood in the sense that it is not clear how they should be represented, or standards to use to describe them. Words that are very difficult to translate are often small municipalities whose words the precise meaning depends largely on the context. In addition, Some words are untranslatable when you want to stay in the same grammatical category. The question of whether certain words are untranslatable is often debated. Explore possible answers to questions like "can we bring a cultural reference?" or "What is culture?" It a very important issue for students of translation. These are questions that have been approached by academics and translators full time as well, and shall be final or definitive solutions have been found to the problems created by uncertainty and because there is no definitive definition or final of the concept of culture itself. Each translation activity has one or more specific purposes and what they are, the target translation primarily serve as a vehicle for intercultural bilingual communication between peoples. In recent decades, this activity has grown due to the growth of international trade, increased immigration, globalization and the recognition of linguistic minorities, and the expansion media communication and technology. For this reason, the translator plays an important role in the issuer intercultural bilingual or multilingual culture and truths, trying to interpret the concepts and discourses in a variety of texts as faithfully and accurately as possible. Most translation theorists agree that translation is seen as a process of transferring a foreign language or second language language. However, market requirements are increasingly demanding that the translators of the texts of transfer to a target language as their mother tongue, but a foreign language. That is what Newmark calls for translation services. "I suppose you, dear reader, learn to translate their language of habitual use, because it is the only way to translate, of course, with precision and maximum efficiency. In fact, however, most translators translate into your own language … "Newmark (1995b). This makes the process of translating a task more difficult, sometimes leading to a poor start, no doubt, must be reviewed and corrected before delivery after customer. With the experience I learned that the consequences of mistranslation can be catastrophic, especially if done by the laity and the mistakes in the context of this activity can obviously be irreparable. Just to think what might happen if serious shortcomings in the areas of knowledge such as science, medicine, legal issues, or technology. It must to be thousands of examples, but I think it is worth mentioning here the story: Lily, a Chilean exile who had been granted the status refugee in a third country from Spanish, was undergoing surgery for the simple removal of a stain on the skin of his face. Translation problems: Problems with the text font: • • text difficult to read a text illegible or misspelled or misprinted • Unfinished • Problems with the Language Text misspelled the text: the words and neologisms • Language Unsolved acronyms and abbreviations • • The exact name of individuals, organizations and places. • Slang • difficult to understand respect for punctuation conventions. It is obvious that a bad translation can only lead to hilarity confusion or minor, but may also be a matter of life or death. Hence the importance of training of translators, not only in the acquisition and mastery of languages and translation strategies and procedures, but also in specific areas of knowledge and, Equally important, the work ethic. If the translation is an operation interposed between the speech language and thought (Delisle, 1980), we accept that in the art or the ability to translate are inevitably come across many and varied obstacles. Delisle (1981) illustrates this form subtle torture is the translation: The translation is hard work to mortify, put it in a state of despair sometimes, but also an enriching and indispensable work, This requires honesty and modesty. There are many thorns that can get bored during the translation process, whatever the nature of the text we are facing, and translators should be aware of them. The first problem is related to reading and understanding the language of origin. Once the translator has dealt with this obstacle, the difficulties of translating the most common are the semantic and cultural (Tricas, 1995): "Linguistics untranslatable forms "(related, ie friends of truth and falsehood, screening, and other interference, institutional perspective and standardized, neologisms, aphorisms, etc.), and "cultural translatability (phrases, sayings, proverbs, jokes, puns, etc.) must adopt a cautious attitude towards these words or phrases to avoid interference and / or abuse of language (Kussmaul, 1995). Similarly, are often painful "not found" conditions that even the best dictionary, an expert on the subject or a native speaker of the source language, we can provide solution to provide a precise meaning. Always we must bear in mind that one of the greatest virtues of a good translator is what I call "Intuition contextualized, ie the ability to find the most nearest common sense interpretation of" not found "element in context. Whatever the difficulties in the translation process, the procedures should be directed to the essence of the message and meaning of fidelity to the text source language to transfer the text in the target language. In the words of Nida and Taber (1974): Translating consists in reproducing in the target language, the equivalent closest to the message in the source language, first in the semantic aspect and, secondly, in the stylistic aspect. To a large extent the quality Translation depends on the quality of the translator, who is in his / knowledge, skills, training, culture, experience and mood, same! Newmark (1995b) identifies some key characteristics that every good translator must have: • The ability to understand the foreign language reading • Subject knowledge • Sensitivity to language (mother tongue as a foreign language) • Competition to write the target language well skills, obviously, economic and skillfully Mercedes Tricas referred to intuition or common sense as the most common of all senses, by example using the sixth sense, a combination of intelligence, sensitivity and intuition. This works very well if is handled with care … the process of transfer mechanism is a difficult and complex approach, in which we must make use of intelligence through our being, intuition and the ability (Tricas, 1995). In addition to the above questions, it is important to emphasize the need for good knowledge the language of both SL and TL, a prerequisite, but not only, to start to swim the streams of professional translation. However, neither knowing the language, or efficiently enough to become a bilingual translator. For over two decades, theorists of translation have been observed, and yet many people believe and argue that knowledge of two or more language is identical to how to translate correctly. We must banish this idea. Delisle (1980) states clearly: the Language proficiency is a necessary condition but not enough for the professional practice of translation. In addition to the ability of reading comprehension, knowledge of specialized subjects from specialized training and general culture, and the overall vision of intercultural communication and interlanguage is essential to learn to handle the tools tactics and strategy to succeed in the translation. Hence the importance of a didactic approach Translation: a methodology for developing an effective and efficient transfer from one language to another. It is well known by the people the field of translation as a formal vocational training activity theory is relatively new. Consequently, a number of terms have been recently invented for the course entitled Theory of the translation ("translation" in Canada, "translation" in Spain, in Translation Studies "Belgium and the Netherlands). This discipline is so new that it has become very little in terms of academic training in higher education Chile to develop teaching methods and procedures of teaching and learning to translate. Totally agree William Weaver, translator of "The Name of the Rose, which claims that" The translation is something that is learned only in the action. "However, teachers, we can facilitate our task and our students, we take advantage of tools and strategies. cognitive science have provided us with simple ideas important but very useful for learning, ie, a positive approach to learning that comes from the relationship between prior knowledge and knowledge.1 This new approach applies perfectly the cognitive process of transferring ideas from one language to another, which obviously implies much more than the model of simple reproduction. In preparation phase of a translation of cognition, the form of self-awareness and self-confidence plays an important role, given that this period involves conscious mental activity where the translation problems are detected and analyzed, and information and knowledge accumulate (Kussmaul, 1995). On the psychological and social point of view, the translator, whose profile should be that of a intellectual formation characteristics of workers, as mentioned, will be more effective if his emotional development is given more importance, he / it may be better prepared for cooperative work, and / s that can reach a higher level of tolerance show respect, self-criticism and sensitivity. The overall approach regarding the main purpose of a translation of the text, translation theorists most famous (Delisle, Newmark, Nida, North, Kussmaul) agree on the following aspects: First, the understanding and interpretation of texts principles the management approach for different types of texts, given text, referential cohesion and levels of naturalness. This responsibility includes reading comprehension and interpretation of messages (encoding and decoding). Second, a new formulation is also important. It means the implementation of various strategies for the recovery process the message (re-encoding) by choosing the appropriate mode (s), technical and procedures. Among the procedures commonly used to restore the ideas contained in a unit of translation, a translator may use the transfer cultural or functional equivalent, synonymy, transposition, modulation, offset, reduction and enlargement or extension (see Newmark, P., 1995: a manual of translation). These skills are the essence of the translation of the competition and should put more emphasis on training potential translators. To this end, also is essential to effective use of different types of documents: parallel texts, bilingual and monolingual dictionaries informants, encyclopedias, databases and other sources term. And thirdly, translation theorists attach great importance to the evaluation the result, ie, demonstrating the ability to process the text reflects the original text, being able to assess the gains and losses and shows the capacity for self-correction. This is the exact revision of the output that is finally reaching a final translation quality. Depending on the specific approaches of translation theorists, specific approaches tend to be similar text translation. First, you must use one or more approaches or models of translation. On the other hand, there is always a way of approaching a text of the OL, if the translator author model was chosen traditional orientation, the text focuses on the structural model or the reader-centered cognitive model. Depending on their training, to adopt a model translators or another, but many tend to trend towards integration of these three eclectic approaches. The translator must be aware that the misunderstanding of a text considerably reduces the quality of translation. We must use reading comprehension strategies of translation (The emphasis is to identify the difficulties of translation, contextualization of lexical items, not isolation – the adaptation, analysis, etc..) Finding solutions to the dilemmas is a constant in the work of the translator. This includes the translation of issues such as linguistic or cultural "untranslatable" be able to manage losses and profits, the solutions of lexical ambiguity, etc., through various mechanisms such as pay loans, explanatory notes, adaptation, equivalence, paraphrases, analogies, translators, etc. should also be aware that the meaning is conveyed not only by words. Therefore, decoding and recoding of appropriate nomenclature, figures, tables and graphs standardized terms, acronyms, the metonymy, homonyms, etc is an issue that must be duly taken into account. A good translator must define an essential starting point for the approach a text to translate, as the author of the text, the objective of the text, readers, and the standard to use, what is important to identify and categorize the author, the message, the type of speech, the translator and the reader. Another important aspect is the pre-editing of the original text to detect defects in the source text, on the one hand, and post-editing the translated text to verify the syntax using the most appropriate, and levels semantics of graphite (the recognition of the role of custody), on the other side. Among the formal questions, the translators must be aware and monitor the effect of sound and cadence of the translated text (translated by ear ") to avoid the cacophonous combinations and tracing the source language. Once the use of procedures and strategies of translation, translators must make decisions constantly, every paragraph, sentence or translation unit, so decide which is most useful for the transfer of ideas in the text being translated. This means matching strategies most appropriate and technical requirements of the text instead of adopting a certain technique and use it forever. Why is it always necessary translation over time? Since becoming ancient sacred texts (more than two hundred years), they become less and less intelligible. This is a natural consequence of evolution historical languages. All languages undergo a gradual change in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar and idioms. Religious groups must deal with him in some so. You can: 1. GRADUALLY modernize the text itself. In a regular schedule, perhaps, change the language gradually into a form that has a better intelligibility. It is logically possible Although religion seems to do voluntarily (although this will be done automatically and inevitably, in a literature of transmission oral). Why is that incremental changes to the text decreed by the religious authorities? Probably because of the call to stick to the traditional “ official''of text wherever possible. However, the United States 20th century, new English translations of the Bible were prepared on a regular basis nowadays. Maybe the Bible updated again! 2. PERMIT NO CHANGE. Do not let the revisions to the text. Instead, either (a train) a group of professionals (for example, monks or priests) who continue to read and understand, the former time to interpret language for modern secular, or (b) To train most or all followers of religion to read the ancient language competently. Church Catholic follows the plan of approximately 400 s. C. about 1900CE. The monks and priests read and interpreted the Latin text believers. Islam and Judaism have largely followed Plan B, where believers is often learn classical Arabic or Hebrew (the ceremony of Bar Mitzvah is, in part, a public demonstration competence in Hebrew for young Jewish men). Hinduism and Buddhism also followed plan A, where a priest of the Brahmins (for Hindus) and the monks (for Buddhists) read and interpret Scripture for the laity formed. 3. Translating sacred texts in the language flow – a language (the language source) to a target language (the language is being translated) into the community of believers. But this immediately raises several questions. A. Which version of the old text must be invoked? For example, there are literally hundreds of versions the Greek Bible that have survived the centuries. There are also many versions of the Bible Hebrew has survived until about the year 800, when a Jewish canon was decided. They differ in many respects – a clarification inserts "errors revisions accidental or deliberate support certain theological positions. Disagreements arise, of course, as to what is really the "correct version" one or more "one. But the problem is easy. B. How "literal" must be the translation? Since texts are considered sacred themselves words of God or divine inspiration ,''“ be free translation (or "translation dynamic "as it is sometimes called today) are often be received as heretical reinterpretations of the sacred text. Translation literal is possible? NO! For three main reasons: 1. As a single word in a language that has often require several words in another language, for example, the Angelos Greek word could mean "divine messengers" or "disciples of Jesus." The English word "wall" could be translated into German as the rod (to inside wall, partition) or Mauer (outer wall). Word by word translation is impossible. 2. As the grammatical particles (such as articles, the time verbs, the markers of cases, singular / dual / plural, etc.) do not exist in any language that leads to many ambiguities (from the perspective of a target language such as English). For example, a Russian phrase translates literally as "boy threw the ball." requires two articles in English translation, either by the child or by touching the ball. Only the context of the expression can tell us what to used for the English translation. Do not use ALL in all elements of the scene almost unintelligible English. Japan's decision literally remove the wheel before "could mean" remove a front wheel "or" delete "two front wheels. This is the correct translation depends on context. 3. Because that languages that have a clear meaning in a language and culture can be quite confusing for speakers of another language and culture. For example, the expression Hebrew literally means "ox" or "the ox was in the post" is usually translated in English Bibles not literally as "the fatted calf" (in the King James Bible, or "fatted calf, modern English translations). This free translation is appropriate, that holding an animal in a barn and overeating is how a pastor of an animal fattened for slaughter, and since Hebrew uses the same word for both adults and immature bovine calves, but only fattened on their culture. This language was so obvious to the ancient Hebrews as it is for us to "keep eyes open "means" to watch "(Not" can not open and close your eyes ") and" be aware of his "means" attention to him "(" who does not feel it physically). But the impasse "beef" is not easy to interpret in English, so that even the King James translators (who have generally sought to be literal) used a little more English. The Bible contains thousands of examples similar. What kind of translation? The objective of the 'strict literal translation is apparently impossible: Every translation is an interpretation. To translate, it is almost impossible for a single word at a time. The translation of a word depends on other terms and the apparent intention of the speaker or writer, given the context. But to understand a sentence in its context is interpreted. Thus, any translator must first try to understand as clearly as possible the intention of the writer, then write a text in the target language which states that the intent with clarity as possible. Otherwise, you you end up with the text in the target language is quite unintelligible. It may be "correct" in some sense, but if you do not understand the meaning correctly, then how it is helpful? References Bassnett, S. (1991). Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Inchaurralde, C. (2003). "Marking of communication and knowledge cultural in the "lexicon", in C. Zelinsky – Wibbelt (Ed.) Text, context, concepts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 179-196. The Robert and Collins. French-English Dictionary, English-French (2006). Glasgow, Paris and The Robert Harper Collins. Morvan, D. (Ed.) (2005). Cultural Dictionary in the French Language. Paris: Robert Le. Newmark, P. (1991). About the translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Newmark, P. (1998). A manual translation. London: Prentice Hall. Nida, E. (2001). Contexts in the translation. John Benjamins Amsterdam. Niemeier, S. (2004). "Relativity linguistic and cultural change for the class" FL, M. Achard and S. Niemeier (eds.), Cognitive Linguistics, SL acquisition and teaching of foreign languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 95-118. Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding cultures through their keywords. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. Wierzbicka, A. (2008). "A conceptual basis for the pragmatic and intercultural understanding in the world", in M. Pütz & J. Neff-van Aertselaer (ed.) Developing contrastive pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 3-4 About the Author

MA in TRANSLATION, Great Translation Theoretician,Mazandaran province Ghaemshar city,IRAN

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